What type of imperialism was practiced in china

The size of the bureaucracy remained the same while the population grew. By the 19th century, district magistrates at the lowest level of the Chinese bureaucracy were responsible for the welfare, control, and taxation of an average of , people.

This left control and responsibility for government increasingly in the hands of local leaders whose allegiances were to their localities and families, rather than to the state. A series of rebellions occurred across the country.

The Taiping l , Nian Nien , Moslem , and Boxer l rebellions all took place in the latter part of the 19th century. During the Taiping Rebellion , rebel forces controlled a large portion of China, and established their capital in the city of Nanking.

The power of the central government was further weakened as military power was delegated to the provinces to control these rebellions. Leadership disagreement about how best to respond to these combined challenges and the extent and nature of the changes that were required. The ability of the Western nations and then Japan to impose their economic demands on China by force of arms was jarring to the Chinese view of themselves as a highly developed civilization.

Moreover, the Western notion of a system of international relations conducted among sovereign nation-states challenged Chinese identity as an advanced, universalistic civilization. It was also difficult for the Chinese, whose emperor had been recognized as the supreme authority by countries bearing tribute to the Chinese court, to adapt to the system that had evolved in Europe by the s whereby sovereign nation-states interacted as equals.

Conflicting views within China of how it should respond to foreign pressures fell roughly into three categories: pro-traditionalism , which sought to completely reject any import of Western culture and to strengthen the country through reform-within-tradition and cultural revival; and the idea of adopting Western technology in order to preserve the essence of Chinese civilization, "Western learning for application, Chinese learning for essence.

China also formally declared war on Japan in The peace negotiations took place in Paris in U. The Allies instead awarded the rights to Germany. The outpouring of popular outrage coalesced in a new nationalism with repeated cries for a "new culture" that would reinstate China to its former international position.

The way out of China's problems, many believed, was to adopt Western notions of equality and democracy and to abandon the Confucian approach which stressed hierarchy in relationships and obedience.

Japan Japan and the West: The Meiji Restoration Tokugawa Japan The prolonged period of peace fosters great economic and social changes in Japanese society, culture, and the economy, setting the stage for rapid modernization in the subsequent Meiji period.

Perry, on behalf of the U. This was the era when all Western powers were seeking to open new markets for their manufactured goods abroad, as well as new countries to supply raw materials for industry. It was clear that Commodore Perry could impose his demands by force.

With the end of neo-colonialism, or the first stage of imperialism at the end of World War Two, the United States, as discussed above, emerged as the dominant force in world politics and practiced a form of neo-imperialism through the use of politics, economics and military power. This dominance has waned largely as a result of its disastrous involvement in the Iraqi War which began in A new type of neo-imperialism is beginning to emerge with the rise of China, and at the same time, the rise of sovereign wealth funds as U.

Prior to these reforms, the Chinese economy was closed to the outside world and dominated by state-owned enterprises and central planning. Up to , the Chinese average GDP was 2. Since the reforms began, the average GDP rate has been 9.

The reforms of began with the de-collectivization of agriculture, and permission being granted by the Chinese Communist Party CCP for individual businesses to emerge without control of the CCP.

It should be noted that this freedom has recently been restricted by the Xi Jinping regime. By placing CCP cells in privately owned businesses and the passage of the Chinese National Intelligence Law , the current CCP regime has the authority and the right to have Chinese private companies assist the Chinese intelligence services in collecting intelligence in any country these businesses have offices in, as well as obtaining western technology that is vital to the Chinese military.

While the growth of the Chinese economy has been stunningly successful, a closer look at the dismal state of the Chinese economy before the economic reforms began, can shed some light as to the dramatic increase of wealth in China. The majority of Chinese economic growth can be explained by the absolute poverty of China prior to the reforms in There was a tremendous vacuum for growth, and the reforms faced little resistance by the CCP. The Chinese version of the BRI is a bid to enhance regional connectivity and embrace a brighter future together.

The Boxer Rebellion in China sought to expel all western influences, including Christian missionaries and trade partners. The Chinese government appreciated the American, British, and German troops that helped suppress the rebellion. The United States shifted from isolationism to empire building with its involvement—and victory—in the Spanish-American War. But at the same time, the country sought to expand its reach through another powerful tool: its economic clout. This trade agreement allowed the United States to continue to build power through economic advantage.

Skip to main content. Age of Empire: American Foreign Policy, Search for:. Browse the U. Spense, Jonathan D. The Search For Modern China. New York W. Porter, Andrew. Oxford : Oxford University Press.

Winfried Baumgart devotes this study to defining the idea of European Imperialism. He split this broad concept into three separate and more manageable subcategories. First, he explains the political atmosphere of mid-ninteenth century Europe. He qualifies various preconditions that made eastern expansion possible. He highlights the significance of early trading port, naval developments, missionary activities, exploration, and technological advancements.

Second he approaches the topic of imperialism from a nationalistic perspective. Furthermore, Baumgart also explains the competitive nature of nationalism amongst fellow European imperialist nations.

The importance of political and economic dominance becomes a major issue between imperialist nations. His final subcategory is the economic theory behind this expansionist enterprise. In this part of the book, Baumgart discusses the application of capitalist and mercantilist economic theories in foreign markets. He analyses the economic policy of Protectionism which is significant for understanding the imperialist initiatives for the Opium War.

This book serves as a strong introduction to the broad idea of Imperialism. Baumgart, Winfried. Oxford University Press. Alan Hodgart gives a comprehensive evaluation of the economic forces of European Imperialism. This book approaches this topic form both a Marxist and anti-Marxist perspective. On the one hand, Marxists such as Lenin and Hobson, describes imperialism as a opportunistic extension of capitalism.

The exportation of capital into foreign and less competitive markets was the driving force of all imperialistic ventures. The politics and ideologies were simply justifications of this economic phenomenon. On the other hand, the anti-Marxists, represented by Joseph Schumpeter, argues that imperialism was a result of a objectless national affinity to expand.

Hodgart, Alan. The Economics of European Imperialism. New York. A page comprehensive history that covers the all the major colonial and imperialistic ventures since This source serves as a catalog of events; it documents all the figures, wars, treaties and embargoes from early colonialism to the decolonization after the second World War. This book is very similar to a typical history textbook.

It is topical and event driven; it mainly focuses on painting a picture of the past rather than analyzing the conceptual forces such as nationalism or economic theories. Although the description of each event is brief, it is an excellent starting point for understanding the historical significance of the period.